EC Proposes Legislation to Limit Vehicle CO2 Emissions

December 19, 2007 // Published as a news service by IHS

The proposed directive is the cornerstone of the European Union (EU) strategy to improve the fuel economy of cars, which account for about 12% of the EU's carbon emissions.

The proposal further underlines the EU's leadership and determination to deliver on its greenhouse gas commitments under the Kyoto Protocol and beyond.

EC President José Manuel Barroso said, "This proposal demonstrates that the European Union is committed to being a world leader in cutting CO2 emissions and the development of a low carbon economy. At the same time, we are committed to promoting the competitiveness of our industry and its global technological leadership."

Stavros Dimas, EC environment commissioner, said, "The aim of the legislation is to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in order to help fight climate change. The legislation will also ensure important fuel savings which will translate into considerable benefits for consumers. Moreover, it will encourage the car industry to invest in new technologies and actively promote eco-innovation, which is a driver for more and high-quality jobs."

Emissions reductions
The proposal will be a major step in lowering CO2 emissions in the EU. It will reduce the average emissions of CO2 from new passenger cars in the EU from around 160 grams per kilometre to 130 grams per kilometre in 2012 as part of the EU's integrated approach to achieve overall 120 grams per kilometre. That will translate into a 19% reduction of CO2 emissions and will place the EU among the world leaders of fuel-efficient cars.

Other benefits
As well as achieving environmental results, this proposal will also benefit consumers through important fuel savings. It will further improve energy security, encourage eco-innovations and promote high-quality jobs in the EU.

Safeguarding competitiveness through flexibility
Europe has a strong and innovative automotive sector. This proposal aims to safeguard this competitiveness through provisions that are fair and flexible plus will stimulate the development and deployment of cutting-edge automotive technologies.

Under the legislation, several manufacturers will be able to group together to form a pool that can act jointly in meeting the specific emissions targets. Manufacturers in this pool will be required to abide by the rules of competition law.

Independent manufacturers who sell fewer than 10,000 vehicles per year and who cannot or do not wish to join a pool can apply to the EC for an individual target. Special-purpose vehicles, such as those designed to accommodate wheelchair access, are excluded from the scope of the legislation.

Implementing the strategy on CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles
The review of the EU's CO2 and cars strategy^[1] also envisaged a number of complementary measures that would contribute to a further emissions cut of 10g/km or equivalent, thus reducing the overall average emissions of the new car fleet sufficiently to meet the EU objective of 120g/km.

These complementary measures include efficiency improvements for car components with the highest impact on fuel consumption, such as tyres and air conditioning systems.

The EC intends to come forward at a later date with proposals for efficiency requirements for such components and the carbon content of road fuels, notably through a greater use of biofuels. Both the fuel quality proposal being discussed by the EU institutions and the renewable energy directive due in January will help boost the use of biofuels in the transport sector.

How the legislation will work
The draft legislation defines a limit value curve of CO2 emissions allowed for new vehicles according to the mass of the vehicle. The curve is set in such a way that a fleet average of 130 grams of CO2 per kilometre is achieved. A manufacturer must ensure that, by 2012, measured fleet average emissions are below the limit value curve, when all vehicles manufactured and registered in a given year by the manufacturer in question are taken into account.

This means that the level of emissions by heavier cars will have to be improved proportionately more than lighter cars compared to today. Manufacturers will still be able to make cars with emissions above the limit value curve, provided these are balanced by cars that are below the curve, as long as the fleet average remains at 130 grams. Manufacturers' progress will be monitored each year by the member states on the basis of new car registration data.

The proposal will provide manufacturers with the necessary incentive to reduce the CO2 emissions of their vehicles by imposing an excess emissions premium if their average emission levels are above the limit value curve. This premium will be based on the number of grams per kilometre (g/km) that an average vehicle sold by the manufacturer is above the curve, multiplied by the number of vehicles sold by the manufacturer.

A premium of €20 per g/km has been proposed in the first year (2012), gradually rising to €35 in the second year (2013), €60 in the third year (2014) and €95 as of 2015. Most manufacturers are expected to meet the target set by the legislation, so significant penalties should be avoided.

Next steps
The proposal will now be communicated to the EU Council of Ministers and the European Parliament as part of the co-decision legislative procedure. Further information can be obtained from the EU web site on Reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles.

^[1] COM(2007) 19 - Results of the Review of the Community Strategy to Reduce CO2 Emissions from Passenger Cars and Light-Commercial Vehicles.

Source: European Commission.

IHS Information and Insight
This article was published to make you aware of documents available from IHS on the subject.

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• SAE Digital Library - includes technical papers addressing emissions, emissions control systems and emissions testing.
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